On December 21, 2010, here in Richmond, Virginia at 6:38 PM Eastern Time, 23:38 UTC (
Universal Time) winter begins.
This first day of winter is called the
Winter Solstice; likewise, the first day of summer is the
Summer Solstice. The word solstice is derived from Latin and means
“sun standing still.” On this day of the year, the sun’s apparent position in the sky has reached its most southern or northern extreme.
The solstices and the seasons occur because the Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5° relative to its plane of revolution around the sun.
In the
Northern Hemisphere winter, the northern half of the globe is tilted away from the sun; therefore, the sun is low in the sky giving us shorter days and longer nights. At this oblique angle, the sun’s energy is spread over a larger area of the Earth’s surface and thus is weaker than if it was hitting the surface more directly. Also, the sun’s rays must travel through more atmosphere before they reach the Earth’s surface, and some of the solar energy is reflected back into space. In addition, there are less daylight hours to warm the Earth.
Contrary to what many believe, the Earth is not farther from the sun during the winter. Actually, the Earth is almost at its closest point to the sun at the time of the northern hemisphere’s Winter Solstice. This variation in the Earth’s distance from the sun is small and does not greatly affect the weather; however it does slightly modify the severity of the Northern Hemisphere winters and summers.
In the Southern Hemisphere, the Winter Solstice takes place on June 21, 2011 at 17:16 UTC (Universal Time). Our Winter Solstice is the southern hemisphere’s Summer Solstice.
If you lived in Rio or Sydney, the winter months would be June through August and the summer months would be December through February.
A Cool Cosmic Day
Not only does the winter solstice of 2010 fall on the day of a full moon, which is a once in 30 years event, but that there will be a total lunar eclipse that night at just about midnight, Pacific time. (The eclipse makes it a 1/400 year sort of event.)
Barring cloudy skies, we here in the Richmond area will see the entire event. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the sun, the Earth and the moon align. The moon is always full and it passes through Earth's umbral shadow, or the darkest part of the shadow.
That shadow is actually composed of two cone-shaped components, one nested inside the other. The outer or penumbral shadow is a zone where the Earth blocks part but not all of the Sun's rays from reaching the Moon. In contrast, the inner or umbral shadow is a region where the Earth blocks all direct sunlight from reaching the Moon.
During the morning of Dec. 21, the moon begins passing into the Earth's umbral shadow at 1:33 a.m. Totality occurs at 2:41 a.m., when Earth's shadow completely covers the moon. The middle of the eclipse is 3:17 a.m., and the moon emerges from totality at 3:53 a.m. By 5:01 a.m., our lunar brother escapes completely from Earth’s umbral shadow.
During it’s totality phase, you will see the moon bright red, or rust color.
Bid autumn adieu…..and experience the shortest days and longest nights of the year.
During the month of December, expect to spend the evenings with our large
gassy neighbor Jupiter. As dusk falls, find it high in southeast. The giant king of the evening will be easy to find at negative second magnitude (very bright), and it sets around midnight.
Saturn ascends the eastern heavens in the 2 a.m. hour now. Find the zero magnitude object (bright) loitering in the constellation Virgo. Effervescent describes Venus. Long before the sun rises, ultra bright Venus climbs the eastern morning sky in the constellation Virgo. While Venus and Saturn are in the same vicinity, Venus is much brighter.
You can easily see Saturn in the night sky. It isn't as bright as Jupiter, but you can tell that's a planet, because of the lack of twinkle, that a star gives out.
Even a small, home telescope will let you see some of the large moons and the rings. Sunrise washes both planets out.
Origins of Solstice Celebration
Religious folk worldwide observe many seasonal days of celebration during the month of December. Most are religious holy days, and are linked in some way to the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere.
The seasons of the year are caused by the 23.5° tilt of the earth's axis. Because the earth is rotating like a top or gyroscope, it points in a fixed direction continuously -- towards a point in space near the North Star. But the earth is also revolving around the sun. During half of the year, the southern hemisphere is more exposed to the sun than is the northern hemisphere.
In pre-historic times, winter was a very difficult time for Aboriginal people in the northern latitudes. The growing season had ended and the tribe had to live off of stored food and whatever animals they could catch. The people would be troubled as the life-giving sun sank lower in the sky each noon. They feared that it would eventually disappear and leave them in permanent darkness and extreme cold. After the winter solstice, they would have reason to celebrate as they saw the sun rising and strengthening once more.
The concept of birth and or death/rebirth became associated with the winter solstice.
The
Aboriginal people had no elaborate instruments to detect the solstice. But they were able to notice a slight elevation of the sun's path within a few days after the solstice.
Celebrations were often timed for about the 25th.
People view other religions in various ways, and thus treat the celebrations of other faiths differently. Some people value the range of December celebrations, because it is evidence of diversity of belief within our common humanity. They respect both their own religious traditions and those of other faiths for their ability to inspire people to lead more ethical lives.
Others reject the importance of all celebrations other than the holy day recognized by their own religion. Some even reject their religion's holy days which are seen to have Pagan origins (e.g. Easter and Christmas) which are viewed by other religions as being inspired by Satan. Thus the solstice celebrations of other religions are rejected because they are seen to be Satanic in origin.
Celebrations of Faiths - Ancient & Modern
ANCIENT BRAZIL: Brazilian archeologists have found an assembly of 127 granite blocks arranged equidistant from each other. They apparently form an
ancient astronomical observatory. One of the stones marked the position of the sun at the time of the winter solstice and was probably used in religious rituals.
ANCIENT EGYPT: The god-man/savior
Osiris died and was entombed on Dec-21.
"
At midnight, the priests emerged from an inner shrine crying 'The Virgin has brought forth! The light is waxing" and showing the image of a baby to the worshipers."
ANCIENT GREECE: The winter solstice ritual was called Lenaea, the Festival of the Wild Women. In very ancient times, a man representing the harvest
god Dionysos was torn to pieces and eaten by a gang of women on this day. Later in the ritual, Dionysos would be reborn as a baby. By classical times, the human sacrifice had been replaced by the killing of a goat.
The women's role had changed to that of funeral mourners and observers of the birth.
ANCIENT ROME: Saturnalia began as a feast day for Saturn on Dec-17 and of Ops (Dec-19). About 50 BCE, both were later converted into two day celebrations. During the Empire, the festivals were combined to cover a full week: Dec-17 to 23.
By the third century CE, there were many religions and spiritual mysteries being followed within the
Roman Empire. Many, if not most, celebrated the birth of their god-man near the time of the solstice.
Emperor Aurelian (270 to 275 CE) blended a number of Pagan solstice celebrations of the nativity of such god-men/saviors as Appolo, Attis, Baal, Dionysus, Helios, Hercules, Horus, Mithra, Osiris, Perseus, and Theseus into a single festival called the
"Birthday of the Unconquered Sun" on Dec-25.
At the time,
Mithraism and Christianity were fierce competitors. Aurelian had even declared Mithraism the official religion of the Roman Empire in 274 CE. Christianity won out by becoming the new official religion in the 4th century CE.
ATHEISTS: There has been a recent increase in solstice observances by
Atheists in the U.S. For example, The American Atheists and local Atheist groups have organized celebrations for 2000-DEC, including the Great North Texas Infidel Bash in Weatherford TX; Winter Solstice bash in Roselle NJ; Winter Solstice Parties in York PA, Boise ID, North Bethesda MD, and Des Moines IA; Winter Solstice Gatherings in Phoenix AZ and Denver CO: a Year End Awards and Review Dinner (YEAR) in San Francisco, CA.
BUDDHISM: On Dec-8, or on the Sunday immediately preceding, Buddhists celebrate
Bodhi Day (a.k.a. Rohatsu). It recalls the day in 596 BCE, when the Buddha achieved enlightenment. He had left his family and possessions behind at the age of 29, and sought the meaning of life -- particularly the reasons for its hardships. He studied under many spiritual teachers without success. Finally, he sat under a
pipal tree and vowed that he would stay there until he found what he was seeking.
On the morning of the eighth day, he realized that everyone suffers due to ignorance. But ignorance can be overcome through the
Eightfold Path that he advocated. This day is generally regarded as the birth day of Buddhism. Being an Eastern tradition, Bodhi Day has none of the associations with the solstice and seasonal changes found in other religious observances at this time of year. However, it does signify the point in time when the Buddha achieved enlightenment and escaped the endless cycle of birth, death and rebirth through reincarnation -- themes that are observed in other religions in December.
CHRISTIANITY: Any record of the date of birth of Yeshua of Nazareth (later known as Jesus Christ) has been lost. There is sufficient evidence in the Gospels to indicate that
Yeshua was born in the fall, but this seems to have been unknown to early Christians. By the beginning of the 4th century CE, there was intense interest in choosing a day to celebrate Yeshua's birthday. The western church leaders selected Dec-25 because this was already the date recognized throughout the Roman Empire as the birthday of various Pagan gods. Since there was no central Christian authority at the time, it took centuries before the tradition was universally accepted:
Eastern churches began to celebrate Christmas after 375 CE.
The church in Jerusalem started in the 7th century.
Ireland started in the 5th century
Austria, England and Switzerland in the 8th
Slavic lands in the 9th and 10th centuries.
Many symbols and practices associated with Christmas are of Pagan origin: holly, ivy, mistletoe, yule log, the giving of gifts, decorated evergreen tree, and magical reindeer.
"Dancing, masques, mummeries, stageplays, and other such Christmas disorders now in use with Christians, were derived from these Roman Saturnalian and Bacchanalian festivals; which should cause all pious Christians eternally to abominate them." -Polydor Virgil, a 15th century British Christian
In Massachusetts, Puritans unsuccessfully tried to ban Christmas entirely during the 17th century, because of its
heathenism. The English Parliament abolished Christmas in 1647. Some contemporary Christian faith groups do not celebrate Christmas. Included among these was the
Worldwide Church of God (
before its recent conversion to Evangelical Christianity) and the Jehovah's Witnesses.
DRUIDISM: Druids and Druidesses formed the professional class in ancient Celtic society. They performed the functions of modern day priests, teachers, ambassadors, astronomers, genealogists, philosophers, musicians, theologians, scientists, poets and judges. Druids led all public rituals, which were normally held within fenced groves of sacred trees. The solstice is the time of the death of the old sun and the birth of the dark-half of the year.
It was called
Alban Arthuan by the ancient Druids.
It is the end of month of the
Elder Tree and the start of the month of the Birch. The three days before Yule is a magical time. This is the time of the Serpent Days or transformation...The Elder and Birch stand at the entrance to Annwn or Celtic underworld where all life was formed. Like several other myths they guard the entrance to the underworld. This is the time the Sun God journey's thru the underworld to learn the secrets of death and life. And bring out those souls to be reincarnated. A modern-day Druid, Amergin Aryson, has composed a Druidic ritual for the Winter Solstice.
INCA RELIGION: The ancient Incas celebrated a
festival if Inti Raymi at the time of the Winter Solstice. Since the Inca Empire was mainly south of the equator, the festival was held in June. It celebrates
"the Festival of the Sun where the god of the Sun, Wiracocha, is honored." Ceremonies were banned by the Roman
Catholic conquistadores in 1572 century as part of their forced conversions of the Inca people to Christianity. A local group of Quecia Indians in Cusco, Peru revived the festival in 1944. It is now a major festival which begins in Cusco and proceeds to an ancient amphitheater a few miles away.
IRAN: Shabe-Yalda (a.k.a. Shab-e Yaldaa) is celebrated in Iran by followers of many religions. It originated in
Zoroastrianism, the state religion which preceded Islam. The name refers to the birthday or
rebirth of the sun. People gather at home around a korsee -- a low square table -- all night. They tell stories and read poetry. They eat watermelons, pomegranates and a special dried fruit/nut mix. Bonfires are lit outside.
ISLAM: During the period 1997 to 1999, the first day of the Islamic lunar month of
Ramadan occurred in December. The nominal dates were 1997-Dec-31, 1998-Dec-20 and 1999-Dec-9. The actual date for the start of Ramadan depends upon the sighting of the crescent moon, and thus can be delayed by a few days from the nominal date. This is the holiest period in the Islamic year. It honors the lunar month in which the
Qura'n was revealed by God to humanity.
"It is during this month that Muslims observe the Fast of Ramadan. Lasting for the entire month, Muslims fast during the daylight hours and in the evening eat small meals and visit with friends and family. It is a time of worship and contemplation. A time to strengthen family and community ties."
Because Ramadan is part of a lunar-based calendar, it starts about 11 days earlier each year. In the year 2000, the nominal date will be Nov-27. Ramadan is thus not associated with the winter solstice as are other religious celebrations.
Is it by coincidence that it has occurred during December in recent years?
JUDAISM: Jews celebrate an 8 day festival of
Hanukkah, (
a.k.a. Feast of Lights, Festival of lights, Feast of Dedication, Chanukah, Chanukkah, Hanukah). It recalls the war fought by the
Maccabees in the cause of religious freedom.
Antiochus, the king of Syria, conquered
Judea in the 2nd century BCE. He terminated worship in the Temple and stole the sacred lamp, the menorah, from before the altar. At the time of the solstice, they rededicated the Temple to a Pagan deity.
Judah the Maccabee lead a band of rebels, and succeeding in retaking Jerusalem. They restored the temple and lit the menorah. It was exactly three years after the flame had been extinguished -- at the time of the Pagan rite.
Although they had found only sufficient consecrated oil to last for 24 hours, the flames burned steadily for eight days.
"Today's menorahs have nine branches; the ninth branch is for the shamash, or servant light, which is used to light the other eight candles. People eat potato latkes, exchange gifts, and play dreidel games. And as they gaze at the light of the menorah, they give thanks for the miracle in the Temple long ago."
Modern-day Jews celebrate
Hanukkah by lighting one candle for each of the eight days of the festival. Once a minor festival, it has been growing in importance in recent years, perhaps because of the pressure of Christmas.
NATIVE AMERICAN SPIRITUALITY: The Pueblo tribe observe both the summer and winter solstices. Although the specific details of the rituals differ from pueblo to pueblo.
"the rites are built around the sun, the coming new year and the rebirth of vegetation in the spring....Winter solstice rites include...prayerstick making, retreats, altars, emesis and prayers for increase."
The
Hopi tribe
"is dedicated to giving aid and direction to the sun which is ready to 'return' and give strength to budding life." Their ceremony is called
"Soyal." It lasts for 20 days and includes
"prayerstick making, purification, rituals and a concluding rabbit hunt, feast and blessing..."
There are countless stone structures created by Natives in the past to detect the solstices and equinoxes. One was called
Calendar One by its modern-day finder. It is in a natural amphitheatre of about 20 acres in size in Vermont. From a stone enclosure in the center of the bowl, one can see a number of vertical rocks and natural features in the horizon which formed the edge of the bowl.
At the solstices and equinoxes, the sun rises and sets at notches or peaks in the ridge which surrounded the calendar.
NEOPAGANISM: This is a group of religions which are attempted re-creations of ancient Pagan religions. Of these, Wicca is the most common; it is loosely based on ancient Celtic beliefs and practices.
Wiccans recognize eight seasonal days of celebration. Four are minor sabbats and occur at the two solstices and the two equinoxes. The other are major sabbats which happen approximately halfway between an equinox and solstice. The winter solstice sabbat is often called Yule. It is a time for introspection, and planning for the future. Wiccans may celebrate the
Sabbat on the evening before the time of the actual solstice, at sunrise on the morning of the solstice, or at the exact time of the astronomical event.
Monotheistic religions, like
Judaism,
Christianity and
Islam, tend to view time as linear. It started with creation; the world as we know it will end at some time in the future. Aboriginal and Neopagan religions see time as circular and repetitive, with lunar (monthly) and solar (yearly) cycles. Their
rituals guarantee the continuity of nature's cycles, which traditional human societies depend on for their sustenance.
NEOLITHIC EUROPE: Many remains of ancient stone structures can be found in Europe dating back many millennia. Some appear to have religious/astronomical purposes; others are burial tombs. These structures were built before writing was developed.
One can only speculate on the significance of the winter solstice to the builders.
At
Newgrange, in Brugh-na-Boyne, County Meath, in eastern Ireland. It is perhaps the most famous of the 250 passage tombs in Ireland. It covers an area of one acre, and has an internal passage that is almost 60 feet (19 m) long. The tomb has been dated at about 3,200 BCE; it is one of the oldest structures in the world -- and the roof still doesn't leak after 5,200 years! Above the entrance way is a stone
"roof box" that allows the light from the sun to penetrate to the back of the cairn at sunrise on and near the winter solstice.
The horizontal dimension of the box matches the width of the sun as viewed from the back of the passage. In the years since the tomb was constructed by
Neolithic farmers, the Earth's tilt on its axis has changed from about 24° to about 23° now. As a result, the sun rises about two solar diameters farther south today.
The monument is surrounded by a circle of standing stones that were added later during the
Bronze Age.
At
Maeshowe, (
Orkneys, Scotland). It is a chambered cairn built on a leveled area with a surrounding bank and ditch. It has been carbon dated at 2750 BCE. Inside the cairn is a stone structure with a long entry tunnel. The structure is aligned so that sunlight can shine along the entry passage into the interior of the megalith, and illuminate the back of the structure.
This happens at sunrise at and near the winter solstice. Starting in the late 1990's, live video and still images have been
broadcast to the world via the Internet.
VAMPYRES: We use the term
"vampyres" to refer to real individuals who have a need to ingest small quantities of blood in order to maintain their strength. They are often confused with those to which we refer as vampires -- imaginary beings who exist only in religious legends, creative fiction and horror movies.
Vampyres celebrate "the Long Night," a festival at the Winter Solstice. Many groups of vampyres gather together at this time to celebrate.
"It is a festival of community where everyone relaxes and socializes. It is also the traditional night to recognize new members of the community or a coven, or to perform rites of passage."
Today, many people in Western-based cultures refer to this holiday as
"Christmas." Yet a look into its origins of Christmas reveals its Pagan roots.
Emperor Aurelian established December 25 as the birthday of the
"Invincible Sun" in the third century as part of the Roman Winter Solstice celebrations. Shortly thereafter, in 273, the Christian church selected this day to represent the birthday of Jesus, and by 336, this Roman solar feast day was Christianized. January 6, celebrated as
Epiphany in Christendom and linked with the visit of the Magi, was originally an Egyptian date for the Winter Solstice.
Most of the customs, lore, symbols, and rituals associated with
"Christmas" actually are linked to Winter Solstice celebrations of ancient
Pagan cultures. While Christian mythology is interwoven with contemporary observances of this holiday time, its Pagan nature is still strong and apparent.
"Shall we liken Christmas to the web in a loom? There are many weavers, who work into the pattern the experience of their lives. When one generation goes, another comes to take up the weft where it has been dropped. The pattern changes as the mind changes, yet never begins quite anew. At first, we are not sure that we discern the pattern, but at last we see that, unknown to the weavers themselves, something has taken shape before our eyes, and that they have made something very beautiful, something which compels our understanding." --Earl W. Count, 4,000 Years of Christmas
As the
Sun moves into Capricorn on the Winter Solstice, which is the shortest day of the year. It is a time of darkness. The leaves have been decaying in autumn and at last they re-enter the ground, where they wait, suspended in the cold earth, ready to be reborn in the spring. The cold settles in and starts to penetrate the earth itself. Life below and above the surface goes into hibernation. People stay indoors, animals either go into hibernation, find shelter or were housed out of the cold by farmers. It was a time to go within and wait. Here, Mother Nature has to be respected. It is a time to plan for survival.
On the surface this can be seen as a time of isolation, death and being stalled. Yet it is part of the natural cycle and here death does not mean the end, rather the beginning. Just as a circle continues to go round and round and round, so does life, year after year after year and Capricorn is the sign that watches over that cycle.
The other phenomena taking place, is one that is most in keeping with Saturn's influence in our chart. There is a complex interplay going on between some of
Saturn's Moons and the ring system. Some of the moons are called shepherding satellites (
Atlas, Prometheus and Pandora). They're important because their gravitational pull actually keeps the ring system in place. The whole complex is incredibly complex and scientists still don't really understand it.
This sacred day greets the majestic sun at the apex of its power. On this day, the sun glories in its full blaze of fiery light before beginning its slow journey back into the darker days of Autumn and Winter.
At this time, much of green nature has reached adulthood under the warm, nurturing light of the sun. The earth is aflame with colorful wildflowers growing in abandoned fields. These are the original flower children lovingly planted by Mother Earth's own hands. Within gardens planted directly by human hands, beautiful flowers riot loudly in their beds of bright colors.
In nature, our animal cousins love to bask in the sun's heat. As they draw the life giving energy into their fur, feathers, scales, bones and blood, they draw the sun's fire into both their bodies and their spirits.
We humans also crave rebirth in sunlight, to feel the pleasant, joyful warmth of the sun's rays warm the flesh and bones of our bodies. Our spirits are illuminated as the sun's light illuminates for us the vividness of creation around us. The sun's bright fire dances before our eyes, and within our bodies, and causes our souls to sing away the darkness.
On this day, if possible, stand under the sun (please remember the sun still shines behind any gray clouds) and thank the Universe for the life giving fire of sun, so that our Mother Earth may live and not dwell in complete darkness.
You may wish to recognize this day in thought and action by going outside and kneeling down and touching the Earth with your hand, thanking her for allowing the seeds of life to be planted in her and for providing the nourishment and nurturing to bring all plant life to their full growth.
This is also a time when the sun begins to make its way toward the dark part of the year. The sun's energy, power and dominance is waning, and winter approaching.
In the days which follow, the sun's strength begins to diminish or, in a spiritual sense, descend into the Mother's womb. This continues until the time when the sun's light is reborn at Yule or Winter Solstice, when we celebrate the birth of the Son of Light during a time of spiritual darkness.
Reflect on this sacred time, and notice the season change around you. Watch the Mother Earth tuck her seeds safely within her womb and cover them over with a comforting blanket of earth and fallen leaves and later snowfall.
Watch also your animal cousins as they prepare for the approaching winter.
Watch the sky and the sacred waters and seas.
Listen to the gentle loving promise of the Universe to Mother Earth and all of her children.
"Never fear, our beloved Daughter Earth, for though the sunlight grows faint upon you, the light of the Son will soon return, that all creation may awaken and live again."
So this December 21, remember that even though winter is beginning, and the days will now grow longer and the nights ever shorter; and as we travel through space—around the sun—our Earthly seasons will repeat again and we will now start the journey towards Spring.
Change and be reborn this solstice.
Related Articles
Winter Solstice
Winter Solstice 2012
The Equal Night
Summer Solstice 2010
Sources:
Religious Tolerence Organization Circle Santuary Organization Candle Grove Celtic Wisdom
